Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi Edo trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Th\u1eddi Edo l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1eddi Edo (\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Giang H\u1ed9), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tokugawa, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1603 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1868.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1eddi Edo, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tokugawa, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1603 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1868. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00e0nh 5 ph\u00fat hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef3 thi ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i BJT v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Edo b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi Tokugawa Ieyasu \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i li\u00ean qu\u00e2n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i Daimyo mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y t\u1ea1i Sekigahara v\u00e0 n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m sh\u014dgun, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tokugawa Ieyasu \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Tokugawa Ieyasu th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Edo, Osaka, Kyoto. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1ecdc l\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u1edbi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Edo. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt k\u1ecbch Kabuki v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch Noh ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Ukiyo-e (tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7) \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 “Th\u01a1 haiku” c\u1ee7a Matsuo Basho, “Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n” c\u1ee7a Ihara Saikaku, “K\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Chikamatsu Monzaemon”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy t\u00e0n do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1868.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Edo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u1ea3i qua Th\u1eddi Edo, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ukiyo-e, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ukiyo-e kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 tranh in m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vui t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh ukiyo-e kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Th\u1eddi Edo, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5 ph\u00fat n\u1eafm 10 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i xin ch\u00e0o trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt hay nh\u1ea5t<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, th\u1eddi Edo c\u00f2n l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kabuki. Kabuki kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng trang ph\u1ee5c l\u00f2e lo\u1eb9t v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, kabuki \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m say \u0111\u1eafm kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kabuki mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1eddi Edo c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ee9c tranh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Edo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i trong Th\u1eddi Edo \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1n Asakusa (Asakusa Shrine) \u1edf Tokyo, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t Th\u1eddi Edo v\u1edbi c\u1ed5ng ch\u00ednh r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1eadt imposant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Himeji c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Th\u1eddi Edo. V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 uy nghi v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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<\/figure>\n\n\n\n2. N\u1ec1n V\u0103n H\u00f3a Th\u1eddi Edo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
3. Ki\u1ebfn Tr\u00fac v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf Trong Th\u1eddi Edo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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